I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected...

I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses†¦show more content†¦Lily’s sleeping pattern also changed as she aged. She is having a hard time sleeping when she is already in bed and wakes up very early. The day-night circadian rhythm diminishes with age. Older adults wake before dawn, take longer to fall asleep and frequently wake up during the night (Berger, Ageism Leading to Illness, pg. 502). It can be said that Lily’s variation in sleeping pattern is normal for her age. As the person reaches late adulthood, several changes in the body can be felt which sometimes can be disturbing. Cognitive When I asked Lily about how good her memory was, she replied that she can still remember many events in her life, but she has a hard time recalling the names of a particular person or place. Certain parts of memory remain strong in late adulthood, including vocabulary, while others do not, such as memory for names (Berger, Memory, pg. 513). Lily can still share her favorite childhood memory despite her age. She was in high spirits while telling me about it, though she cannot say the name of the beach where they love to go during her younger days. As a person grows older, forgetfulness becomes one of their characteristics, but with exercise, proper nutrition, good sleep and social support, the memory of an elderly will not fade abruptly. Brain becomes less efficient as people grow older (Berger, The Aging Brain, pg. 511). Lily manages a store in the Philippines before she settled here inShow MoreRelatedHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 Pagessecondary school age. Mathematics–Textbooks. Mathematics–Problems, exercises, etc. 510 ISBN 978-0-521-13834-5 Paperback Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this publication, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration

Lumumba s Alliance With The Soviet Union - 1016 Words

Lumumba’s alliance with the Soviet Union fractured the Congo government. Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba from service on 5 September 1960, citing as his excuse, a massacre conducted in South Kasai. At the same time, Joseph Mobutu took control of the military and began recruiting supporters. Though he dismissed Lumumba, Kasa-Vubu did not have a majority within the government and fighting ensued. Mobuto saw his opportunity to successfully implement a coup and have both Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu replaced. Mobuto dismissed the Soviet advisors sent to assist Lumumba and effectively sided with Kasa-Vubu. Mobuto would reinstate him as president in February 1961. Lumumba on the other hand, was placed on house arrest. He managed to escape but was caught shortly thereafter and was tortured before being sent to Katanga to death. His death sparked an international outrage with demonstrations being held in New York and London. (Nzongola-Ntalaja 69). On 21 November 1961, the UN took a more proactive stance during the Congo Crisis with Resolution 169. This resolution gave the UN military forces the right to use all the force necessary to maintain law and order and assist the central government of the Congo. It also vehemently rejected the Katanga government’s claim of independence. By December 1962, UN troops moved into Elisabethville, occupied the city, and forced Tshombe to surrender. This effectively ended the Katanga secession crisis. The end of this secession crisis prompted an attempt atShow MoreRelatedThe Process of Decolonization in Africa 1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe process of decolonization in Africa during the 1950’s through the 1970’s was a very smart yet risky idea. For some places independence was easily gained yet in other areas it was a battle. During the time periods where colonization existed, Africa was peaceful and kept things in order. People had control over their specific locations an d there were no questions to be asked. Once it was decided to remove these rights, things got out of hand rather quickly. Violence was a main occurrence duringRead MoreThe Cold War and Decolonization1646 Words   |  7 Pages After the tragic events of World War II, the Cold War represented how the two superpowers were in a fight in order to gain more territory. The Soviet Union wanted European countries to abide by communism while the United States were trying to prevent the spread of communism and enforce democracy. However, the Soviets took control of the eastern half of Europe and the United States controlled the western side. Communism is a one-party dictatorship where the government controls economic and politicalRead MoreThe Recent Bloody History of Rwanda, Uganda and Congo1690 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European countries notion of the scramble for Africa; the events that occurred in DRC during the 1990’s include the civil wars characterised by genocide and the conflicts between the Rwandans, Burundians, Ugandans and the Congolese which were rather awful and created a distorted images of the state and its citizens Dunn (2001). The political conflicts began as early as the 1960â₠¬â„¢s which witnessed the external regional division emerged particularly between Rwanda and Uganda (Dunn, 2001). TheRead MoreThe Cold War Between The Us And The Soviet Union1738 Words   |  7 Pages The Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union was already in the making even before the hot war ended, as the Soviet Red Army rolled over the Russian border into Eastern Europe, finally capturing Berlin. In 1944, the Western Allies believe that the stood by while Hitler sent in the SS to destroy the Warsaw Uprising and the city of Warsaw itself, because he did not intend to allow a pro-Western government in Poland. In Poland at least, the Soviet intention was to install a satellite regimeRead MoreForeign Policy of John F. Kennedy5063 Words   |  21 Pagesas creating the Peace Corps, advocating civil rights, fighting the war on communism, and the success of the space program. One aspect of Kennedy that I greatly admire was his success in both protecting the United States during conflicts with the Soviets and others, and at the same time maintaining the core values of America. Kennedy’s youth and foreign policy style promised something different from the stiff, strict for eign policy of the Eisenhower administration. While he did have a few failuresRead MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 Pagesusing it risked being severely punished or even expelled. In many ways, Western religion instilled submissiveness by  ­ tressing that s life on earth was temporary and best used for preparing for eternal life. To qualify for eternal life, one was taught to exercise Christian virtues of forgiveness, submissiveness, and patience. Humiliation and  ­ uffering, such s as were being endured by Africans during colonialism, were thought to be M04_KHAF1713_04_SE_C04.indd 102 1/18/12 10:30 AM Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik ArtRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesYOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim Norbuta Editorial Project Manager: Claudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Marketing Manager:

Graduation Test Essay Example For Students

Graduation Test Essay What is a test? The Webster’s New American Dictionary defines a test as â€Å"a critical examination or evaluation†. The World Book 2000 Encyclopedia defines testing as â€Å"an attempt to measure a person’s knowledge, intelligence, or other characteristics in a systematic way†. The Wisconsin 2004 freshmen will have to take a graduation test in order to graduate their senior year. They have four chances to pass the graduation examination. This paper will explain how the current requirements for graduating compare to the graduation standardized test. Included are the obstacles that are involved with implementing the test, group and individual opinions concerning the graduation test, and a recent survey of people involved with the test. The graduation requirements at most high schools are similar to the graduation test standards in many content areas. To graduate, a student needs to complete four credits of English, three credits of social studies, two credits of mathematics, and two credits of science. (Misky) The four credits of English include instruction in written and oral communication, grammar and usage of the English language, and literature. (Misky) This is similar to the test, which measures reading, literature, writing, language, media and technology, and research and inquiry. (Wisconsin) The three credits of Social Studies cover instruction in state and local government. (Misky) The test includes geography, history, politics, economics, and behavioral sciences. (Wisconsin) The two credits of math provide instruction in the properties, processes, and symbols of arithmetic, and elements of algebra, geometry, and statistics. (Misky) The test contains mathematical processes, number operations and relationshi ps, measurement, geometry, statistics and probability, and algebraic relationships. (Wisconsin) The two credits of science incorporate Physical science and Life science. (Misky) The test provides science connections, nature of science, science inquiry, Physical science, Earth and Space science, Life and Environmental science, science applications, and science in personal and social perspectives. (Wisconsin) In most cases the categories are equivalent with each other. The categories that fall short will just have to be propelled or altered to fit the test. The decision to have a graduation test or not met with a great deal of resistance. One of the largest problems was the parents’ perspective on the test. The parents didn’t want their kids to take the test because of the high risk of failure. Another problem group was the legislators. They didn’t want to pass the test because they fear the parents. Tommy Thompson had to push the test through many times before it was accepted. (Thompson) Other problems included the budget for the test, developing an opt- out path, and trying to erase the fear of failure. The governor of Wisconsin strongly supported the tests. Tommy Thompson said, â€Å"Wisconsin taxpayers invest a great deal of money to provide the children of this state with a quality education. So when a student graduates from high school, I want the student, their parents and the taxpayers to have something to show for that investment.† He also says: â€Å"Parents and the community will be able to examine the success of their students and compare it to other schools to assess the quality of their schools. The test will help communities determine where their schools are doing well and where they may need some improvement. From teachers to parents to taxpayers, we all want our schools to be as strong as possible and for our children to be as well educated as possible. The graduation test will serve as a tool to help us achieve that goal.† (Restore)All he is doing is trying to restore meaning to the diploma, and create a new standard for evaluation. .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .postImageUrl , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:hover , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:visited , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:active { border:0!important; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:active , .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740 .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3f62b1106c7ff3e2794281fa5995740:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Breakfast Club EssayStudents are split down the middle about the test. Jason, says, â€Å"I like the concept, but this test is not realistic.† He thinks it is unfair to test students on a course they haven’t taken yet. (Davis) Josh is worried that teachers will change the way they teach, and the students will get bored with a set curriculum. (Davis) Other students say that the test is too long, but the questions were workable with reasoning skills. (Davis) I say that the test is a great idea. I took the Minnesota graduation test toward the end of my eighth grade year. I passed the test with ease except in my weak area, which was English. When I passed I r eceived a report that said that I passed; I had to use the document later to show that I passed the test. Many other places went through this same kind of dilemma. So I found a poll at Public Agenda: Reality Check 2001 that questions people who have gone through this problem and told what they thought. The survey was categorized into many sections called findings, so I took out the findings that related to testing. Finding Two: All groups voice strong support for local efforts to raise standards and for using high stakes standardized tests as part of the effort. However, all groups strongly oppose basing promotion or graduation solely on the results of testing—a policy that teachers say is still quite rare. Q: Overall, would you say that the schools are careful and reasonable in putting in place higher academic standards, or are they being too careless and unreasonable?Percent saying â€Å"Careful and reasonable†: Employers 86%, Parents 81%, Teachers 80%, and Professors 71%. Q: Before students are awarded a high school diploma, would you want your school district to require students to: pass a basic skills test in reading, writing and math; pass a more challenging test showing they have learned at higher levels; or do you think that requiring kids to pass a test is a bad idea?Percentage of parents saying: 57% basic skills test, 27% more challenging, and 13% bad idea. Percentage of teachers saying: 56% basic skills test, 26% more challenging, and 15% bad idea. Q: It’s wrong to use the results of just on test to decide whether a student gets promoted or graduates. Would you say you agree or disagree with this view? Is that strongly or somewhat?Percentage of teachers saying: 79% strongly agree and 11% some what agree. Percentage of parents saying: 56% strongly agree and 19% some what agree. Q: At your school, are students promoted base solely on their standardized test scores, only in part, or are the scores not part of the promotion decision?Percent of teachers saying: Test scores are not part of the decision 56%, Test scores are used only in part 38%, Promoted solely on scores 3%, and don’t know 3%. (Reality)The findings show that most people, who have taken the test or dealt with it, think it is a good idea. No matter what happens there will always be problems, it just matters how they are dealt with. There will always be the fear of not graduating and the panic of taking the test, but what are you going to do in life. Are you just going to run away, opt- out, or face what you fear and conquer it? I realize that not everyone can take tests, but that is why I think that the test should only be part of the graduating process. Education Essays

Movie Review Bicentennial Man Essay Example

Movie Review : Bicentennial Man Essay Synopsis: The film is a narration of various events in the life of an android – Andrew Martin (Robin Williams). Though the robot was programmed to perform menial household tasks, it soon starts to show signs of sentience. The Martins take note of this and allow Andrew to express his creativity. They make millions selling Andrew’s works. The story spans 200 years, during which Andrew learns the characteristics of human beings and longs to become one. Parallely, he battles to prevent his creators from terminating him. Review: Bicentennial Man is an adaptation of a novella by Issac Asimov in the Robot Series. The novel ‘The Positronic Man’ was based on this earlier novella and co-authored by Robert Silverberg. It is directed by Chris Columbus, whose previous projects include the Home Alone series, Step-mom, Dare Devil, Fantastic Four, etc. Soon after being ported to the Martin household Andrew develops a taste for music. Moreover, he shows curiosity and a creative potential. He also displays a unique sense of humor. And most remarkably he starts to show feelings of care toward the people around him. Complex issues are raised as Andrew seeks to get legal protection for his creative works. Andrew also starts replacing his mechanical body parts with organic ones. Andrew’s quest to become fully human is encouraged and assisted in varying degrees by succeeding generations of the Martin family. Interestingly Andrew happens to be last of his kind as his line of robots were stopped. Also the robot manufacturing industry do not want to produce self-reflecting androids like Andrew. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review : Bicentennial Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review : Bicentennial Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review : Bicentennial Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scope of the story is very broad, which allows the director to explore in depth the nature of human realities. Contrasting the differences between a human and a robot facilitates understanding the essential qualities that make up human beings. To be human is to be mortal. Hence, Andrew has to give up his immortality and allow his positronic brain to decay, which is initiated on the Bicentennial anniversary of his creation, and thus the title. Andrew’s human persona develops through several generations. However, the absence of any real conflict deprives the story of momentum. It could be said that the film is a collection of small episodes about the android Andrew, but an underlying lack of conflict leaves them as discrete sections without any sequential order. Also, one feels that the film is dragged on unnecessarily long. Director Columbus underestimates the grasping ability of his audience by putting in text every theme of the story. Some of the dialogues are also redundant, where the scene itself had depicted the words quite clearly. One example is the scene where Andrew remarks how cruel it is to feel pain and yet not able to cry. This is unnecessary as the preceding sequence had made lucid the same point. The design of the robot could also have been more refined as the one portrayed on screen has a factory-produced-household-appliance feel to it, which is incompatible with the subsequent evolution of the robot. The special effects and the futuristic settings were kept to a minimum and that serves the story well. Robin Williams gives a good performance and does not overdo his role. Williams’ talent for comedy could also have been tapped into more. The depiction of the world of the future is simplistically made without any attempt at extravagance; quite appropriately so. One question that begs an answer, however, is the lack of any radical change in the landscapes of civil society across a span of two centuries. The movie makes some compelling statements about what makes us all humans. And credit must be given to Chris Columbus for handling a challenging theme reasonably well. However, the failure to utilize the full potential of the cinematic medium and the style of restating the obvious in text takes some sheen off the luster. Though it has to be regarded the best work so far by Chris Columbus, the film could have been a lot better. Synopsis: The film is a narration of various events in the life of an android – Andrew Martin (Robin Williams). Though the robot was programmed to perform menial household tasks, it soon starts to show signs of sentience. The Martins take note of this and allow Andrew to express his creativity. They make millions selling Andrew’s works. The story spans 200 years, during which Andrew learns the characteristics of human beings and longs to become one. Parallely, he battles to prevent his creators from terminating him. Review: Bicentennial Man is an adaptation of a novella by Issac Asimov in the Robot Series. The novel ‘The Positronic Man’ was based on this earlier novella and co-authored by Robert Silverberg. It is directed by Chris Columbus, whose previous projects include the Home Alone series, Step-mom, Dare Devil, Fantastic Four, etc. Soon after being ported to the Martin household Andrew develops a taste for music. Moreover, he shows curiosity and a .

Words From Other Languages That Have No English Equivalent

Words From Other Languages That Have No English Equivalent Have you ever experienced a moment that you wish you had a word for, but there were just no words available in the English language to describe it? Sure, it can be described with multiple sentences, but one simple word would be much better, right?As much as English borrows words from outside languages, there are still some words from other cultures that have no English equivalent (but should!). These words depict common feelings, experiences, and personalities but require a much longer explanation in English. With that in mind, heres our list of favorite words in other languages that have no English equivalent.Words with no English equivalentAntier (Spanish)This word means the day before yesterday and would be extremely helpful to have in ones English vocabulary when describing something that happened two days back.Aware (Japanese)This word describes the bittersweet and brief moment when you experience transcendent beauty. This one is especially important for Nature lovers.Backpfeife ngesicht (German)If youve ever looked at somebody and become so annoyed that you just want to hit them in the face, youve experienced Backpfeifengesicht, which means a face badly in need of a fist.Bakku-shan (Japanese)This word is used to describe a beautiful girl as long as shes being viewed from behind. Thats not to say that its a nice word, but one thats used nonetheless.Bilita Mpash (Bantu)This word is the opposite of a nightmare, and is used to describe an amazing dream- one that you wished you didnt have to awaken from.Cafune (Brazilian)This is the romantic act of tenderly running your fingers through your lovers hair. Of course, such a passionate culture would be the one to create a word describing this romantic act!Cavoli Riscaldati (Italian)This word translates literally into reheated cabbage and means trying to rekindle an unworkable relationship. As bad as reheated cabbage is, the word is perfect to remind you that second tries probably wont be any more successful than th e first one.Estrenar (Spanish)When you wear or experience something for the first time- it can apply to anything, from meals to clothes to buying your first home.Faamiti (Samoan)To make a squeaking sound by sucking air past the lips in order to gain the attention of a dog or child.Fargin (Yiddish)You experience this when you wholeheartedly appreciate the success of others.Fargin is a Yiddish word describing how you feel when you wholeheartedly appreciate the success of others. Photo by Nghia Le on Unsplash.Fernweh (German)Have you ever felt homesick for a place youve never ever been to? If so, youve experienced fernweh.Fisselig (German)If youve ever become so flustered because of someone elses nagging that you were unable to complete a task or were sloppy at doing so, youve experienced fisselig.Gigil (Filipino)Remember the aunts and grandmothers in your family who always felt the need to pinch or squeeze your cheeks because they were so cute? They were feeling gigil.Greng-jai (Thai) That feeling you get when you dont want someone to do something for you because it would be difficult for them.Hygge (Danish)When youre sitting around, relaxing with a few friends and loved ones while having a meal or some drinks, youre experiencing hygge. It is very similar to a feeling of coziness.Iktsuarpok (Inuit)When youre waiting around for someone to show up and they arent on time, this word describes the frustration of that experience.Kaelling (Danish)You know that woman who curses at her children in public and causes a big scene, making you feel sorry for her kids? The Danes have a word for her. It doesnt make her any more appealing but at least she gets a fitting word.Koi No Yokan (Japanese)This word describes the sensation you get when you meet someone for the first time and somehow know that the two of you will fall in love. Its poetic and possibly not based on reality, but some people swear theyve experienced it.Kummerspeck (German)This word means the excess weight gain ed from emotional overeating. That pint of ice cream or multiple slices of chocolate cake might soothe your emotional turmoil, but only temporarily!Lagom (Swedish)Goldilocks would have appreciated this word in her story with the three bears. Its synonymous with moderation but specifically means not too much and not too little, but just the right amount.Layogenic (Tagalog)This word means someone who is beautiful from a distance but is a mess in a close-up encounter. Instagram filters, anyone?Litost (Czech)This word means state of torment created by the sudden sight of ones own misery.Luftmensch (Yiddish)While there are several Yiddish words to describe social misfits, this one specifically describes an impractical dreamer with no business sense.Mamihlapinatapai (Yaghan language of Tierra del Fuego)This means a look shared by two people, each wishing that the other would initiate something that they both desire but which neither wants to make the first move.Mencolek (Indonesian)Have y ou ever tapped someone lightly on the opposite shoulder from behind to fool them? This is the word for it.Mencomot (Indonesian)This is when you steal things of little to no value simply for the excitement of it. You dont really need it, you just need the rush the theft creates.Pana Poo (Hawaiian)This word means when you scratch your head in order to help you remember something youve forgotten. Now, where did I put those car keys?Pelinti (Buli, Ghana)You know how when you bite into food thats too hot and try to move it around in your mouth to relieve the pain of it? Thats pelinti.Pochemuchka (Russian)We all know that annoying classmate who asks a million questions while the teacher is trying to teach. The Russians have a name for him/her.Razbliuto (Russian)If youve ever loved someone but are no longer with them, youve experienced this word. Its probably especially useful for Russian poets.Saudade (Portuguese)When you experience melancholic longing or nostalgia for a person, place or thing that is far away from you, youre experiencing saudade.Schadenfreude (German)If youve ever enjoyed seeing or hearing about someone elses troubles, youve experienced this. It doesnt exactly reflect well on ones moral character, but weve all likely been guilty of it at one point or another.Schlimazl (Yiddish)This word is used to describe an inept, bungling person who seems to be forever unlucky.Seigneur-terraces (French)Leave it to the French to invent this word, which means someone who sits at tables for a long time in a coffee shop but doesnt spend much money. Perhaps they just need the wi-fi?Shemomedjamo (Georgian)This word is used when you accidentally eat a too-large portion of food because it was so good that you couldnt quit.Shouganai (Japanese)This describes something that you shouldnt worry about because you cant control the outcome and will only ruin the good moments by worrying. Think of it as another way of describing fate.Sobremesa (Spanish)It makes sense that the Sp anish, who enjoy lingering for a long time at the table following meals, invented this word. It refers to the moment after eating a meal when the food is gone but the conversation is still flowing at the table.Sobremesa is a Spanish word describing when the moment when the food is gone but the conversation is still flowing at the table. Photo by Kevin Curtis on Unsplash.Tartle (Scottish)Weve all experienced this and its usually embarrassing when it happens, but tartle describes the moment when youre talking to someone youve been introduced to before but you cant remember their name.Tingo (Pascuense)This is the act of gradually stealing your neighbors things by borrowing them and not returning them.Treppenwitz (German)Have you ever thought of the perfect comeback remark long after the chance to actually make it? If so, youve experienced treppenwitz.Tsundoku (Japanese)If youre in the habit of buying new books, only to never read them, youre guilty of tsundoku.Tuerto (Spanish)This is l oosely translated to The One-Eyed and refers to a man with one eye.Uffda (Swedish)This is a sympathetic remark youd say to someone who is in pain. It basically means that youre sorry they hurt.Vybafnout (Czech)Remember when you were a kid and enjoyed jumping out to scare your siblings by saying boo? Thats exactly what this word means.Waldeinsamkeit (German)When youre alone in the woods, this word describes the feeling of it.Weltschmerz (German)This is another translation of the expression first-world problems, and means the weary sadness experienced by privileged youth. It translates literally to world-grief.Yaarburnee (Arabic)Literally translated as may you bury me, this word refers to the romantic hope that you will die before someone you love deeply dies, because you cannot imagine living without them.YÃ… «gen (Japanese)This is the profound, mysterious sense of the beauty of the universe, and the sad beauty of human suffering. As an important concept in Japanese culture, the exac t translation often depends on the context. In Chinese philosophy the term was taken from yÃ… «gen meaning dim, deep or mysterious.Yuputka (Ulwa)When you walk in the woods at night and feel the phantom sensation of something crawling on your skin, youre experiencing yuputka.Zeg (Georgian)Just as the Spanish invented a word that means the day before yesterday, the Georgians invented one that means the day after tomorrow.Zhaghzhagh (Persian)When your teeth chatter, either from the cold or from rage.

Elizabeth Fry

Elizabeth Fry Known for:Â  prison reform, reform of mental asylums, reform of convict ships to Australia Dates: May 21, 1780 - October 12, 1845Occupation: reformerAlso Known as: Elizabeth Gurney Fry About Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry was born in Norwich, England, into a well-off Quaker (Society of Friends) family. Her mother died when Elizabeth was young. The family practiced relaxed Quaker customs, but Elizabeth Fry began to practice a stricter Quakerism. At 17, inspired by the Quaker William Saveny, she put her religious faith into action by teaching poor children and visiting the sick among poor families. She practiced more plain dress, pain speech, and plain living. Marriage In 1800, Elizabeth Gurney married Joseph Fry, who was also a Quaker and, like her father, a banker and merchant. They had eight children between 1801 and 1812. In 1809, Elizabeth Fry began to speak at Quaker meeting and became a Quaker minister. Visit to Newgate In 1813 came a key event in Elizabeth Frys life: she was talked into visiting the womens prison in London, Newgate, where she observed women and their children in horrible conditions. She didnt return to Newgate until 1816, having two more children int aht time, but she began working for reforms, including those that became themes for her: segregation of the sexes, female matrons for female prisoners, education, employment (often kitting and sewing), and religious instruction. Organizing for Reform In 1817, Elizabeth Fry began the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners, a group of twelve women who worked for these reforms. She lobbied authorities including Members of Parliament a brother-in-law was elected to Parliament in 1818 and became a supporter of her reforms. As a result, in 1818, she was called to testify before a Royal Commission, the first woman to so testify. Widening Circles of Reform Activism In 1819, with her brother Joseph Gurney, Elizabeth Fry wrote a report on prison reform. In the 1820s, she inspected prison conditions, advocated reforms and established more reform groups, including many with women members. By 1821, a number of womens reform groups came together as the British Ladies Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners. In 1822, Elizabeth Fry gave birth to her eleventh child. In 1823, prison reform legislation was finally introduced in Parliament. Elizabeth Fry in the 1830s Elizabeth Fry traveled extensively in western European countries in the 1830s advocating her preferred prison reform measures. By 1827, her influence had diminished. In 1835, Parliament enacted laws creating harsher prison policies instead, including hard labor and solitary confinement. Her last trip was to France in 1843. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. More Reforms While Elizabeth Fry is known more for her prison reform activities, she was also active in investigating and proposing reforms for mental asylums. For more than 25 years, she visited every convict ship leaving for Australia, and promoted reform of the convict ship system. She worked for nursing standards and established a nursing school which influenced her distant relative, Florence Nightingale. She worked for the education of working women, for better housing for the poor including hostels for the homeless, and she founded soup kitchens. In 1845, after Elizabeth Fry died, two of her daughters published a two-volume memoir of their mother, with selections from her journals (44 handwritten volumes originally) and letters. It was more hagiography than biography. In 1918, Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards, daughter of Julia Ward Howe, published Elizabeth Fry, the Angel of the Prisons. In 2003, Elizabeth Frys image was selected to appear on the English ​five-pound note.

Appraise Statistical Data in Conducting a Quantitative Study - Essay

Appraise Statistical Data in Conducting a Quantitative Study - Criminal Justice - Essay Example k, Ousey, Fisher & Wilcox (2012) present a vivid description of their research findings within the article â€Å"Examining What Makes Violent Crime Victims Unique: Extending Statistical Methods for Studying Specialization to the Analysis of Crime Victims†. The objective of their study was to determine if the risk factors in violent victimization are different from those that are associated with nonviolent victimization. The research findings of the statistical research reveal that victims demonstrate varied or divergent outcomes related to their attitudes and views on victimization. However, on the basis of their findings, the researchers conclude that violent victimization is a predictable tendency, which characterizes violent crime victims, within the criminal justice system. The article â€Å"Linking the Crime and Arrest Processes to Measure Variations in Individual Arrest Risk per Crime (Q)† as presented by Blumstein, Cohen, Piquero & Visher (2010) analyzes the relationship which exist between the likelihood of arrest and the number of criminal activities that a criminal perpetrates. The researchers based their research on a paradoxical hypothesis that criminals who commit more crimes are less likely to be arrested. Through statistical approaches, the researchers analyze the frequency of offenses against aggregate data on arrests. The central variables in the research by Banks, Pandiani & Boyd (2009) include mental health disorders, behavioral disorders and criminal activity. These are the independent variables that the researchers used in their study. They used these variables to determine how the mental health of women and women, who were involved in criminal activities, determined thee criminalization or diverting behavior of the criminal justice system. The researchers did so by manipulating the independent variables. The diverting and criminalization behavior of professionals within the criminal justice are the dependent variables that were measured in

Marketing to Teenagers on Social Networking Sites Dissertation

Marketing to Teenagers on Social Networking Sites - Dissertation Example 2.0. Literature review Contrary to popular belief, not all teenagers participate in social media (Berman & Amy 2001, p. 3). The proliferation of the media in recent times however has ensured that although not all teens are networked at the same time, there is at least a sizeable population that is at a given time (Ito 2007, pp, 6). Marketers are aware that some teenagers do not participate in social media because they are either disenfranchised or simply choose to object with the popular notion. These numbers are not as large and therefore marketers concentrate on those who actually take part. Parents were cited as the major hindrance to those teens that do not frequent social media (Lenhart 2007, pp. 15). Objectors are those who are politically opinionated and have personal reasons that make them detest social media. Segmentation in the social media cannot be dependent on race or social class. Research that was done by Boyd (2007, p. 3) indicates that poor black teenagers or from other minority groups have the same capability of accessing and utilizing social media as do white teenagers from wealthier backgrounds in the United States. The only difference is the length at which they stay in the media (Sundà ©n 2003, p. 75). Those who access it in school are likely to have short access spans which mean that their involvement is primary or just as an asynchronous tool of communication. Those form richer backgrounds are however likely to have nighttime access which means that they have more time to modify their profiles.

Hp Case Study Essay Example for Free

Hp Case Study Essay In looking at this issue from all perspective, I would recommend HP to adopt universal power supply as the potential benefits outweigh the costs. From one perspective, $30 increases in product that sale for $1000 which is only 3%. This 3% increase will eliminate a lot of marketing, manufacturing, forecasting, and logistical problem that HP is spending millions each year. I believe that by spending 3% more upfront will have better bottom line effect in end. Not to mention, it will also add value to customer in sense HP may be the only company that offers universal power supply. Given the short life cycles of laser printers (18 months) along with high demand uncertainty, and the past experiences (the VIPER example), we recommend adopting the universal power supply strategy. However, clearly, to make the final decision, a thorough cost vs. benefit analysis needs to be carried out in order to determine the trade-off between the increase in manufacturing costs ($30 per printer for the universal power supply) and the decrease in stock-out and inventory holding (and improved forecasts) costs due to risk pooling and data aggregation as well as re-configuration and transshipment costs. The main component of a printer that actually performs the printing. The printer engine determines how fast and at what resolution the printer can print. Although there are many manufacturers of printers, many use the same printer engines. The difference between printers using the same printer engine revolves around other features, such as paper handling abilities and the console. Central mechanism of a laser printer that translates a printer controllers signals into the printed image. Print engines are differentiated by their output quality (resolution), print speed (pages per minute), and type of ink (or toner) used. A laser printers manufacturer (such as Hewlett Packard) is not necessarily the same as its print engine manufacturer (such as Canon). A printer fuser is the part of any laser printer or copier that makes the toner ink stick to the paper. A fuser consists of two heated rollers, and it often is the main culprit in printer breakdowns. Without it, though, toner ink would constantly smudge and would become illegible after hands touched it. A laser printer fuser or copier fuser is essential to printing. The ink drum first spreads out the ink into a pattern of a photo, term paper or whatever is being printed. At this point, the ink is very volatile because it simply sits atop the paper and has not yet become one with the sheet. This wet ink immediately goes between both rollers. Thanks to the heat and the pressure from the fuser, the ink is integrated into the paper and will not smudge as easily.

Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? :: Persuasive Research Essays

Below is part of the sample persuasive research essay. Please note: †¢ how the introduction introduces the topic and offers a clear forecast of the essay's thesis (the author's position and stated reasons) †¢ how the conclusion restates the thesis and ends with a call to action †¢ how each character’s speech is fully developed: each speech has the three "E"s of paragraph organization and development: Exposition, Examples, and Explanation. To illustrate these components, in the paragraph below I've placed the exposition (claim and stated reason and background) in blue, the examples in green, the explanation in purple, and the concluding statement in orange. Note: While Jeanne offers one extended example and explanation in this paragraph, I would encourage you to have at least two examples for each stated reason. †¢ how secondary sources are integrated into Jeanne's own prose, how they are "tagged" for the reader and to increase Jeanne's credibility with her audience, and how they are cited. Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? If you have ever considered losing weight, you have probably heard of the various kinds of diet pills available. Diet pills claim to "melt away the fat." They sound like the perfect solution to shed a few pounds, but research tells a different story. Diet pills became popular in 1996. The most common ingredients were Redux and fenfluramin/phentermine, which posed as appetite suppressants. The pills seemed to suck up the fat, and people were losing anywhere between 25-50 pounds in months. The FDA no longer approves the use of Redux or fen/phen, but new ingredients have made diet pills just as popular. An herb called ephedra is currently the most common substance in diet pills. Ephedra is still available for over the counter distribution, but the FDA is researching the side effects. Many cases of heart diseases and strokes have been linked to the herb. The use of diet pills is not recommended, but the advice does not stop many Americans. Diet pills are dangerous and should not be taken. The pills should be avoided because they do not provide a safe or effective way to lose weight, cause heart valve disease and other complications, and are used as a replacement for physical activity. [Jeanne next offers a paragraph with evidence and explanation for her first stated reason. Within this paragraph, after providing a topic sentence and further exposition, she introduces and tags her evidence by identifying the profession and source of the quotation, increasing her own credibility as an author on this subject: Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? :: Persuasive Research Essays Below is part of the sample persuasive research essay. Please note: †¢ how the introduction introduces the topic and offers a clear forecast of the essay's thesis (the author's position and stated reasons) †¢ how the conclusion restates the thesis and ends with a call to action †¢ how each character’s speech is fully developed: each speech has the three "E"s of paragraph organization and development: Exposition, Examples, and Explanation. To illustrate these components, in the paragraph below I've placed the exposition (claim and stated reason and background) in blue, the examples in green, the explanation in purple, and the concluding statement in orange. Note: While Jeanne offers one extended example and explanation in this paragraph, I would encourage you to have at least two examples for each stated reason. †¢ how secondary sources are integrated into Jeanne's own prose, how they are "tagged" for the reader and to increase Jeanne's credibility with her audience, and how they are cited. Diet Pills: The Miraculous Weight Loss Formula? If you have ever considered losing weight, you have probably heard of the various kinds of diet pills available. Diet pills claim to "melt away the fat." They sound like the perfect solution to shed a few pounds, but research tells a different story. Diet pills became popular in 1996. The most common ingredients were Redux and fenfluramin/phentermine, which posed as appetite suppressants. The pills seemed to suck up the fat, and people were losing anywhere between 25-50 pounds in months. The FDA no longer approves the use of Redux or fen/phen, but new ingredients have made diet pills just as popular. An herb called ephedra is currently the most common substance in diet pills. Ephedra is still available for over the counter distribution, but the FDA is researching the side effects. Many cases of heart diseases and strokes have been linked to the herb. The use of diet pills is not recommended, but the advice does not stop many Americans. Diet pills are dangerous and should not be taken. The pills should be avoided because they do not provide a safe or effective way to lose weight, cause heart valve disease and other complications, and are used as a replacement for physical activity. [Jeanne next offers a paragraph with evidence and explanation for her first stated reason. Within this paragraph, after providing a topic sentence and further exposition, she introduces and tags her evidence by identifying the profession and source of the quotation, increasing her own credibility as an author on this subject:

QCF Qualification Essay

This is a knowledge based qualification suitable for all support staff roles in schools, including site staff, administrators and others, as well as those who work directly with children and young people. It seeks to develop the knowledge and understanding that all those working in a school setting will need and covers areas such as safeguarding, communication and understanding the school context. As it is a knowledge based qualification, it can be taken by candidates not yet employed in a school, as well as providing initial training or induction for those who are new in post. Level 2 Certificate in supporting teaching and learning in schools This qualification is for those members of the school workforce who directly support the teaching and learning of pupils. The qualification incorporates the units in the level 2 Award in Support Work in Schools and adds competency based units to reflect the role of those supporting pupils’ learning. Level 2 Certificate in supporting the wider curriculum in schools This qualification has been developed to meet the needs of those working as  midday assistants/supervisors or who support the wider activities of schools such as before and after school clubs. It incorporates the units in the level 2 Award in Support Work in Schools and shares units with the level 2 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools, recognising that many in teaching assistant roles may have additional responsibilities in school. This qualification has fewer credits than the level 2 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Lea rning in Schools, which candidates who later progress to a teaching assistant role will be able to gain through the achievement of credit from additional units. Level 3 Award in supporting teaching and learning in schools This is a knowledge based qualification that will provide candidates with a secure understanding from which to progress to a level 3 role. It is suitable for candidates not yet in a school role but who have the capability to achieve at level 3; candidates in a level 2 role wishing to demonstrate that they are ready for progression to level 3, and as initial training for those newly in post at this level. This is a qualification intended to provide the underpinning knowledge and understanding for those with a role in directly working with children or young people in schools. Level 3 Certificate in supporting teaching and learning in schools This qualification is for those members of the school workforce who directly support the teaching and learning of pupils. The qualification incorporates the units in the level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools. Additional units cover the generic knowledge and skills required to work in a teaching assistant or similar role at level 3. Level 3 Certificate in cover supervision of pupils in schools This qualification is for those working in the role of Cover Supervisor and incorporates the units of the level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools. While this qualification includes some units that are also in the level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools, it reflect the differences between the cover supervisor and teaching assistant roles by omitting those units which are about actively advancing pupils’ learning and includes a unit on providing whole-cla ss supervision. Candidates moving from one role to the other will be able to demonstrate competence in the new role through  the achievement of credit from specified additional units. Level 3 Diploma in specialist support for teaching and learning in schools This qualification is for those members of the school workforce who directly support teaching and learning of pupils in schools in an area that requires specialist knowledge and skills. The qualification incorporates the units in the level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools. Additional optional units cover specialisms which may be a feature of the role at level 3.

Mountain Man

In the article The Mountain Man and American Anguish, Patrick McCarthy’s primary argument is that the vision of the ‘mountain man’ or ‘trapper’ which the public has accepted is either wrong or extremely generalized. He argues that the picture of, â€Å"†¦anarchic freedom, animalism, bravery, instinct (or loss thereof), the return to nature, the search for paradise, sexual potency, staunch individualism, stoicism, and wanderlust, which in actuality is agonized restlessness† is a vision born from movies such as The Adventures of Kit Carson, The Saga of Andy Burnett, and Dream West, among others.In reality, McCarthy explains, a mountain man, â€Å"†¦is beset by powerlessness and intoxicated by themes relating to dominance and punishment: absence of relatedness, isolation, masochism, misogyny, sadism, self-victimization, and all forms of violence (including emotional–threats, harassment, verbal abuse). † As evidence of his a rgument, McCarthy cites trends of national sentiment towards the Vietnam War and the Gulf War.He claims that the macho vision of the mountain man grew from a need for Americans to justify and accept the failings of the Vietnam War, and the use of symbolism and comparisons to the Vietnam War and Vietnam itself are extensive. McCarthy also uses real-life stories to back up his argument, such as the story of Claude Dallas and how the public felt, influenced by television and popular culture, towards him. Another strategy McCarthy uses, and uses heavily, is pure opinion.Most of his justifications in this article as to why mountain men are not as they are portrayed is his own social examination of Americans’ feelings toward societal changes and current events. This is not proof, but more of a possible explanation explained in convincing fashion. The strongest aspect of McCarthy’s article is that, whether he is giving actual proof or just a strong opinion, he backs up his wr iting extensively and convincingly.His article left me with no doubt that he truly believes in his argument and that he researched the topic extensively. He gives multiple sources, explanations and examples for each topic, and it is in chronological order, making it easy to follow along. Unfortunately, McCarthy has some rather large setbacks in this piece which leads me to doubt some of his explanations.He is clearly writing this from a very one-sided, liberal approach, as evidenced by his explanation of President Ronald Reagan as a â€Å"lame duck† president and his definition of America’s involvement in the Gulf War as, â€Å"American Evils. † Both are known by Americans to be false due to Reagan being a very productive President and the Gulf War being a noble cause which ended the suffering, rape, and random killing of Kuwaitis at the hands of the Iraqi Army.Also, McCarthy’s persistent insistence that the ‘mountain man’ theme tied directly to Americans’ feelings about the Vietnam War does not leave room to consider other explanations. For example, television works in waves; once the ‘mountain man’ themed movies come out in abundance, people get tired of them and they take a break from them. Eventually, they become popular again. It is the normal cycle of television, and he does not address this once.

Medical Coding Essay Example

Medical Coding Essay Example Medical Coding Paper Medical Coding Paper To come up with a reliable and proper health information system, we need to understand various sections of the information system that form its underlying pillars. These include: Database characteristics and structure A database is an organization of data in a logical form. â€Å"Data† is a body of fact or figures, which have been collected systematically for one or more specific purposes. It can exist in the forms of linguistic expressions (e. g. name, age, address, date, ownership), symbolic expressions (e. g. traffic signs), mathematical expressions (e.  g. E = mc2) among others. Data is stored in a â€Å"database† which is structured to store various types of information in its different forms (Blair, 1999). Therefore a database can be defined as an automated, formally defined and centrally controlled collection of persistent data used and shared by different users in an enterprise (Date, 1995 and Everest, 1986) Information â€Å"Information† is the data which have been processed into a meaningful form understandable by a recipient and is of perceived value in current or prospective decision making. Data is converted into information through processing like modeling, structuring, conversion and organization. The health facility information system is usually designed to process data by accepting input, processing it and releasing the output in form of information (Cimino, 2006). This information is organized in the information domain. The information system is therefore perceived as being made up of four components: data, technology, process (or application) and people. medical data and information records relevant to the project Some of the information that could be relevant to this project could be Patient name and contacts, medical prescriptions, medical conditions, the patients’ medical history, visiting dates, doctors’ contacts, relevant doctors to various illnesses, doctors’ appointments (Blair, 1999; Health Level Seven, 2008). The importance of uniform terminology, coding and standardization of the data The benefit of using uniform terminology, coding and standardization of the data is hinged in common understanding and interpretation. Uniform coding will ensure that drug administration and medical prescriptions do not conflict rather remain uniform throughout the healthcare facility (Blair, 1999). This therefore requires standardization to ensure that irrespective of the person’s understanding, common meaning is achieved in the health sector. Information standards and organizations that may be applicable, and possibly required To achieve this standardization within a health care facility, there are various information standards and organizations that may be necessary, applicable and possibly required in the project. Such programs include: 1. Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus developed in 1986. UMLS is useful in developing and distributing multi-purpose electronic Knowledge Sources which is related with lexical programs. Therefore, UMLS use in the project shall enhance system applicability on patient data and decision support (Cimino, 2006). 2. HISB (Health Information Standards Board). HISB is a branch of American National Standards Institutes Healthcare Informatics (ANSI), which is a standards Board provides forum for the voluntary coordination of standards of healthcare informatics. 3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE), which sets standards for computers. 4. The IOM Committee on Patient Safety Data Standards, a group within the Institute of Medicine that has the charge of producing a detailed plan to facilitate the development of data standards applicable to the collection, coding, and classification of patient safety information (Szolovits, 2003). 5. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9CM) Clinical Modification, which provide a way to classify morbidity data for indexing of medical records, medical case reviews, and ambulatory and other medical care programs (Szolovits, 2003). 6. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), developed for the transmission of images used internationally for Picture Archiving (Szolovits, 2003). References Blair, J. S. (1999). An Overview of Healthcare Information Standards: IBM Healthcare Solutions. Retrieved July 23, 2008 from http://lists. essential. org/med-privacy/msg00186. html Cimino JJ. (2006), Twenty-First Century Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies: Methods of Information in Medicine 5, p. 218-231 Health Level Seven: Links to Standards Developers. Retrieved July 23, 2008 from hl7. org/standards/developer. htm Szolovits, P. (2003). Nature of Medical Data: MIT, Intro to Medical Informatics: Retrieved on July 23, 2008 from http://groups. csail. mit. edu/medg/courses/6872/2003/slides/lecture2-prin t. pdf

10 Facts About Corals

10 Facts About Corals If youve ever visited an aquarium or gone snorkeling when on holiday, youre probably familiar with a wide variety of corals. You may even know that corals play a fundamental role in defining the structure of marine reefs, the most complex and diverse ecosystems in our planets oceans. But what many dont realize is that these creatures, which resemble a cross between colorful rocks and various bits of seaweed, are in fact animals. And amazing animals at that. Weve explored ten things we should all know about coral, what makes them animals and what makes them so unique. Corals Belong to the Phylum Cnidaria Other animals that belong to the Phylum Cnidaria include jellyfish, hydrae, and sea anemones. Cnidaria are invertebrates (they do not have a backbone) and all have specialized cells called nematocysts that help them capture prey and defend themselves. Cnidaria exhibit radial symmetry. Corals Belong to the Class Anthozoa (a Subgroup of the Phylum Cnidaria) Members of this group of animals have flower-like structures called polyps. They have a simple body plan in which food passes in and out of a gastrovascular cavity (stomach-like sac) through a single opening. Corals Typically Form Colonies Consisting of Many Individuals Coral colonies grow from a single founder individual that divides repeatedly. A coral colony consists of a base that attaches coral to a reef, an upper surface that is exposed to light and hundreds of polyps. The Term Coral Refers to a Number of Different of Animals These include hard corals, sea fans, sea feathers, sea pens, sea pansies, organ pipe coral, black coral, soft corals, fan corals whip corals. Hard Corals Have a White Skeleton That Is Made of Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) Hard corals are reef builders and are responsible for the creation of the structure of a coral reef. Soft Corals Lack the Stiff Limestone Skeleton That Hard Corals Possess Instead, they have little limestone crystals (referred to as sclerites) embedded in their jelly-like tissues. Many Corals Have Zooxanthellae Within Their Tissues Zooxanthellae are algae that form a symbiotic relationship with the coral by producing organic compounds that the coral polyps use. This food source enables the corals to grow faster than they would without the zooxanthellae. Corals Inhabit a Wide Range of Habitats and Regions Some solitary hard coral species are found in temperate and even polar waters and occur as far as 6000 meters below the surface of the water. Corals Are Rare in the Fossil Record They first appeared in the Cambrian period, 570 million years ago. Reef-building corals appeared during the middle of the Triassic period between 251 and 220 million years ago. Sea Fan Corals Grow at Right Angles to the Current of the Water This enables them to efficiently filter plankton from the passing water.

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hotel Management - Essay Example These strategies include the following; Strategic Objectives. One of the best strategies that the Cruise Industry has that has enabled it gain a big market share is its objectives and a how they pursue them. One is to develop a novel cruise segments and inventive packages to reach a bigger number of prospective and past cruisers. It also aims at employing very sophisticated promotional exertions to attain a greater awareness by the public regarding the availability and affordability of cruise travels (Marc, 2010, p. 156). Supply Chain. This is the most sensitive sector of any industry. It keeps the company sufficient by putting it in a position that is able to meet all customer demands. An inside look at the Cruise Industry supply chain is a vivid reflection of its success. From the cruise passengers, the chain breaks down to travel agents – who are responsible of all the routes and destinations of the ships-; then connects down to the Cruise Company itself which perfectly takes care of the following. It starts at the prior and after customer accommodation and transport of passengers from their residential areas, dinning, port services shopping and excursion. The second phase of the cruise industry supply chain incorporates the following; Food, drinks and equipment manufacturers, lubrication services, energy suppliers and port facilities. The service and product flow makes one forget that it is just a ship sailing on water because it creates a new and different image and experience from the ordinary transport ships or vacation trip. It is this complex and cooperative supply chain that Cruise Industry is employing which has seen it attract more customers. Competition Strategy. To some extent, Cruise Industry’s market ranges from a monopoly to oligopoly. Cruise Industry has extended its services in such a way that it is very difficult for new firms

Key Elements of HR Strategy of Disney and How it is Linked With Its Co Case Study

Key Elements of HR Strategy of Disney and How it is Linked With Its Corporate Strategy - Case Study Example Training and development of the employees are tailored in a manner which allows the company to train and develop the employees in a manner which delivers consistent value to the customers. However, this has been only possible after the involvement of top management of the company at all levels of management. Â  (Perkins, Shortland and Perkins, 2006) However, it is clear that reward and recognition system may not have been clearly defined. The overall recognition criteria were not well-defined and it is also evident that the employees were allowed to communicate with each other at designated places and during particular times. Â  (Miner, 2007) The overall communication and relationship between the employees and the managers were excellent as managers clearly outlined the expectations from the crew members and what was exactly required of them. Learning and development was the key point which was integrated into the overall HR strategy of Disney as employees were specifically trained in various areas of operations while at the same time allowing them to build on their multi-dimensional expertise. The overall general HR policies regarding hiring, training and developing employees were well-defined and most of the tasks were performed by in-house employees hired and developed over the period of time. (Kreitner, 2009) More focus on developing employees and their personalities so that they can deliver superior value to customers. A supported environment for employees has been created which fosters responsibility and creativity. Leadership and communication skills, which are vital for working in an environment which is client facing. Employees are trained in a manner which improves therefore skills. HR Strategy is further focused towards empowering employees to face the clients in real time. HR Strategy is aligned with the overall corporate strategy as it supports the overall vision of the company. Overall, HR Strategy of Disney was focused on hiring, training and developing employees who can deliver more value to the customers.

The Perfect Husband Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Perfect Husband - Essay Example As I mature, I realized that perfection can be seen on how a husband is someone who understands and provides a woman's needs and how he keeps his marital commitment, how displays sacrificial leadership. A woman and a man have different needs which should be met by their lifetime partners. A perfect husband should be able to differentiate from his needs and his wife's needs and respond to them. For example, it is stressed that while a man's primary motivation for marriage is sexual fulfillment, a woman constantly longs for his husband's affection and love. Thus, a husband should always show his love to the wife by doing small things like sending her love notes, cooking for her, hugging her a lot, and telling her how much she means to him. A perfect husband is someone who will never think twice of giving up his machismo and show his soft side in order to satisfy his wife. He will also go the extra mile in order to show his constant love and affection. Secondly, a husband should have a strong marital commitment. It is irrefutable that most men detest commitment and dedication but a perfect husband is someone who reaches the maturity of being accountable and responsible for his actions. Since he allowed himself to be bound by a lifetime commitment, he will make sure that he stays faithful to his wife. When the going gets tough, he stays with the wife and remains devoted to her. The husband is often regarded as a head of the family even in this more

Competition Analysis of Yahoo!

Competition Analysis of Yahoo! Yahoo Competition Today’s society relies heavily on the internet. People can spend hours a day on the internet, either for work or pleasure. With all the countless hours on the computer, what are people supposedly doing? Yahoo! desires to be the location that people spend all their time. How will Yahoo! create and sustain competitive advantage? What strategy will best serve Yahoo! on the race to the top between the other firms looking to have a digital theme park? To understand how Yahoo! plans to keep up with the changing economy, the resource-based view strategic model allows the analysis of both the internal and external perspectives of the firm. To create and sustain a competitive advantage Yahoo! should allow for differentiation and focus to its services. The resource-based view analyzes how the tangible resources, intangible resources, and the organizational capabilities work together to form a competitive advantage. For Yahoo! to have a competitive advantage against other companies with the same goal of the digital theme park, Yahoo! must take advantage of their tangible and intangible resources. Yahoo!’s tangible resources include financial, physical, technological, and organizational sources. Yahoo! started to turn around financially after Terry S. Semel took over as CEO. Semel brought structure and order to the â€Å"spontaneity that drove the firm’s decision during its go-go days† (Shamsie, 2007, p. 792). Yahoo! relied heavily on advertising for revenues of the firm under the old management. After Semel took over, he did not feel comfortable on relying only on advertising. Semel and his Product Council allowed premium services to be offered at a low rate. These low rates and advertising raised the company’s net assets. Yahoo!’s physical tangible resources include the company headquarters. After Semel took over, he â€Å"moved swiftly to chop down the 44 business units†¦to 5† (Shamsie, 2007, p. 792). The chopping down of cubicles also relates to the organizational tangible resources. Semel whole new order changed Yahoo! as a whole. The care-free culture turned into a culture with more order and structure. Yahoo!’s newly founded Product Council is made up of a group of managers. These â€Å"managers have to make formal presentations to bring up their new ideas in weekly meetings† (Shamsie, 2007, p.792). On the technological sector of the tangible resources, Yahoo! has search engine and other premium service technology. The search engine technology is from the company Inktomi. â€Å"Analysts claim that in terms of technology, Inktomi offers a search engine that is better than most others† (Shamsie, 2007, p. 796). The other premium services include job-hunting, personals, music, games, e-mail, and yellow pages. Yahoo! acquired the job-hunting service from the â€Å"buyout of HotJobs.com in 2002†¦the addition of this premium service has provided a significant boost to the firm’s revenue† (Shamsie, 2007, p.795). Yahoo!’s technology is directly related to the financial market of Yahoo!. As Yahoo!’s technology increased, the revenue of the firm also increased. An advantage in the technological sector that Yahoo! possess is â€Å"Yahoo!’s Yellow Pages, which provide them [customers] with the return addresses and driving maps† when searc hing and typing in area code (Shamsie, 2007, p 797). Semel also made deals with SBC Communications and Verizon Communications to help move Yahoo! into the broadband age. Yahoo!’s intangible resources include human skills, innovation and creativity, and the firm’s reputation. Semel is the reason Yahoo! turned around. Semel possess human skills that are not imitable. â€Å"Semel has also used the deal-making skills that made him a legend in the movie business to land crucial acquisitions and partnerships that would allow Yahoo! to tap into new sources of advertising revenue† (Shamsie, 2007, p. 793). Semel pushed through deals that the old CEO’s could not get. Innovation and creativity sectors include Semel’s organizational views and the creativity that came to the Product Council meetings. The last of the intangible resources is Yahoo!’s reputation. Yahoo! has been around for years, it is known for its free e-mail service, search engine, and its instant messenger. People can pay a little extra for a premium e-mail service that has a larger storage space than the free e-mail. Yahoo! is also known for its free fi nancial pages called Yahoo! Finance, which gives up-to-date information on stocks and bonds. Lastly, the resource-based view looks at the organizational capabilities which are â€Å"the competencies or skills that a firm employs to transform inputs into outputs† (Dess, Lumkin, Eisner 2003, p.93). Yahoo!’s organizational capabilities are the innovativeness of new and multiple services at one location. Yahoo! is no longer just a search engine, it is a powerhouse of different features that all intertwine together to create this multi-cultural funhouse. For Yahoo! to gain the competitive edge against the other firms like Google, MSN, and AOL, Yahoo! can focus on differentiation between its products. Porter’s three generic strategies involves overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Overall cost leadership will not help Yahoo! sustain competitive advantage, but the combination of differentiation and focus will allow Yahoo! to outrun the other companies. Although most of the time, differentiation leads to failure but in Yahoo!’s case with its different interest areas that are already occurring differentiation will lead to success. â€Å"A differentiation strategy involves providing unique, high-quality products and services that promote a favorable reputation and strong brand identity and usually command a premium price† (Dess, Lumkin, Eisner 2003, p.209). Yahoo! already exhibits a strong brand identity since almost everyone in the world would know what Yahoo! is. Google has become one of the leading search engines in only four years because it can search millions of web-pages in milliseconds. Yahoo! can now compete with Google when Yahoo! made a deal with Inktomi for a new search engine. â€Å"Inktomi offers a search engine that is better than most others† (Shamsie, 2007, p.796). Yahoo! has many areas of interest that pertain to all different types of people. Yahoo! offers personal pages, email, financial pages, job-hunting service, etc. For the younger generation, Yahoo! offers on-line games, chatting, and a messenger service. Yahoo! already has differentiated its products, but so have the competitors. Yahoo! needs to obtain unique services that their competitors do not have. One thing that is unique for Yahoo! is the offering of music to its customers. Viewers can go on-line and watch music videos for free or for a fee, without commercial breaks. Yahoo! also differentiates its look to go with the seasons, not all web-pages do this. Using the combination of differentiation and focus strategies, Yahoo! will be able to focus individually on the different sectors of services. â€Å"For companies that pursue focus strategies, the Internet offers new avenues in which to compete because they can access markets less expensively and provide more services and features† (Dess, Lumkin, Eisner 2003, p.301). As Yahoo! accesses their intangible and tangible resources, managers can figure out which services to differentiate and which services need have a narrower focus. The tangible technological resources are the services that managers need to distinguish as profitable and valuable, and which services are not helping the company succeed in the jump to digital theme park. Semel should allow more focus to the product council meetings, so that managers would be able to get different services recognized. For the digital economy, the combination strategy of differentiation and focus is the best to have. The company’s resources all working together creates a successful business. Yahoo! demonstrates how a company can use the strategies of the resource based view, differentiation, and focus to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. As long as Yahoo! uses their tangible and intangible resources efficiently and effectively they will be able to advance and compete with the other companies such as Google, MSN, and AOL. Tangible Resources: Financial- cut costs, advertising, premium services Physical- Cubicles Technological- Inktomi search engine, HotJobs, yellow pages, other features Organizational- Product Council, structure Intangible Resources: Human- Semel’s deal making skills Innovation and Creativity- meetings Reputation- free services, search engine Organizational Capabilities: Making a digital theme park Differentiation and Focus Services offered Design/Appearance Brand Identity Reputation References Dess, G. Gregory, Lumpkin, G.T., Eisner, B. Alan. (2007). Strategic Management 3e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Shamsie, Jamal. Yahoo!. Michigan State University. Strategic Management 3e. (792-797). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Physics of Roller Coasters Essay -- Roller Coaster Theme Park Amusemen

Roller coasters are driven almost entirely by inertial, gravitational and centripetal forces. Amusement parks keep building faster and more complex roller coasters, but the fundamental principles at work remain the same. A roller coaster is like train. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power source of its own. For most of the ride, a roller coaster is moved only by the forces of inertia and gravity. The only exertion of energy occurs at the very beginning of the ride, when the cars are pulled up the first hill, or the "lift hill". The purpose of this first climb is to build up potential energy. The concept of potential energy is: As the coaster gets higher in the air, there is a greater distance gravity can pull it down. The potential energy built-up going up the hill can be released as kinetic energy, energy of motion, as soon as the cars start coasting down the hill. At the top of the first lift hill (a), there is maximum potential energy because the train is as high as it gets. As the train starts down the hill, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy -- the train speeds up. At the bottom of the hill (b), there is maximum kinetic energy and little potential energy. The kinetic energy propels the train up the second hill (c), building up the potential-energy level. As the train enters the loop (d), it has a lot of kinetic energy and not much potential energy. The potential-energy level builds as the train speeds to the top of the loop (e), but it is soon converted back to kinetic energy as the train leaves the loop (f). When the coaster is relea... ...ly upside down, gravity is pulling you out of your seat, toward the ground, but the stronger acceleration force is pushing you into your seat, toward the sky. Since the two forces pushing you in opposite directions are nearly equal, your body feels very light. As in the sharp descent, you are almost weightless for the brief moment when you are at the top of the loop. As you come out of the loop and level out, you become heavy again. In a loop-the-loop, the intensity of the acceleration force is determined by two factors: the speed of the train and the angle of the turn. As the train enters the loop, it has maximum kinetic energy -- that is, it is moving at top speed. At the top of the loop, gravity has slowed the train down somewhat, so it has more potential energy and less kinetic energy -- it is moving at reduced speed.

Definition of Child Development

A definition of child development Child development is another way of saying how children develop through different stages or how children grow and learn. It also refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between start and the end of adolescence. The developmental areas are physical, emotional, social, educational and cognitive. The ideal development of children is considered vital to society and it is important to understand these areas. These areas are connected to one another. As a child grows in one domain, this will effect and is then influenced by another domain of development.These domains are important in development because they focus on the whole child. New theories and methods have been found due to research in this area, with specific regard to teaching that promotes development in the schools. Also there are some theories that aim to describe a sequence of different states that make child development. Explanation and example of holisti c development Holistic development is an individual’s development in the following areas; intellectual, emotional, social, physical, artistic, creative and religious values and feelings. It is the development of the entire brain's thoughts and feelings.To become a tennis player you need to develop Physical – motor skills, general co-ordination, moving around the tennis court, hand eye co-ordination, hitting the tennis ball with the tennis racket Cognitive/intellectual – thinking the game, having a game plan, Emotion – self-esteem and self – expression some tennis players are quite where some are loud, handling negative moments when losing a match Communication – explaining how you’re playing, reasons for doing good and not so well, Behavioural and moral skills – taking turns in training, co-operating with others, social skills, having fun while playing, team work when playing doubles.General pattern The pattern of development C hildren’s development follows a pattern: From head to toe Development progresses downwards. Physical control and co-ordination begins with a child’s head and develops down the body through the arms, hands and back, and finally to the legs and feet From inner to outer Development progresses from actions nearer the body to more complex ones further from the body. For example, children can co-ordinate their arms, using gross motor skills to reach for an object, before they have learned the fine motor skills necessary to use their fingers to pick it up. During puberty there is another growth spurt; this time the growth starts at the outside of the body and works inwards. Hands and feet expand first; the shin bones lengthen before the thigh, and the forearm before the upper arm; finally, the spine grows). From simple to complex Development progresses from simple actions to more complex ones. For example, children stand before they can walk, and walk before they can skip or hop. From general to specific Development progresses from general responses to specific ones.For example, a young baby shows pleasure by a massive general response – the eyes widen, and the legs and arms move vigorously While an older child shows pleasure by smiling or using appropriate words or gestures. The several aspects of development are intricately linked: each affects and is affected by the others. For example, once children have reached the stage of emotional development at which they feel secure when apart from their main carer, they will have access to a much wider range of relationships, experiences and opportunities for learning.Similarly, when children can use language effectively, they will have more opportunities for social contact. If one aspect is vulnerable or neglected in some way, children will be challenged in reaching their full potential. Areas of development page 2 The areas of development described in this book are these: Physical development Physica l development is the way in which the body increases in skill and becomes more complex in its performance. There are two main areas: Gross motor skills: These use the large muscles in the body, and include walking, running, climbing and the like.Fine motor skills: These include gross skills and fine skills. †¢ Gross manipulative skills involve single limb movements, usually of the arm, for example throwing, catching and making sweeping arm movements. †¢ Fine manipulative skills involve precise use of the hands and fingers, for example pointing, drawing, using a knife and fork or chopsticks, writing or doing up shoelaces. Sensory development Physical development also includes sensory development. Sensation is the process by which we receive information through the senses: vision hearing smell ouch taste proprioception. Proprioception is the sense that tells people where the mobile parts of their body, such as the arms and legs, are in relation to the rest of the body. Cogni tive and language development Cognitive or intellectual development is development of the mind – the part of the brain that is used for recognising, reasoning, knowing and understanding. Perception involves people making sense of what they see, hear, touch, smell and taste. Perception is affected by previous experience and knowledge, and by the person’s emotional state at the time.Language development Language development is the development of communication skills. These include skills in: receptive speech – what a person understands expressive speech – the words the person produces articulation – the person’s actual pronunciation of words. Emotional and social development Emotional development Emotional development involves the development of feelings: the growth of feelings about, and awareness of, oneself the development of feelings towards other people the development of self-esteem and a self-concept. Social developmentSocial developmen t includes the growth of the child’s relationships with other people. Socialisation is the process of learning the skills and attitudes that enable the child to live easily with other members of the community. Moral and spiritual development Moral and spiritual development consists of a developing awareness of how to relate to others ethically, morally and humanely. It involves understanding values such as honesty and respect, and acquiring concepts such as right and wrong and responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions.

Hul: -Strategies

Due to the continuous efforts of the top shampoo brands in India penetration of shampoos in urban areas is almost 100%. As far as penetration of shampoo in the rural areas is concerned it has risen by almost 18% in the current scenario. the shampoo market in India is valued at Rs 4. 5 bn with the penetration level at 13% only. The market is expected to increase due to lower duties and aggressive marketing by players Shampoo is also available in a sachet, which is affordable and makes upto 40% of the total shampoo sale. The Indian shampoo market is characterised by a twin-benefit platform: cosmetic and anti-dandruff. It is basically an upper middle class product, as more than 50% of the consumers use ordinary toilet soap for washing hair. While the awareness level is high, the penetration level is very low even in the metros which is only 30%. Urban markets account for 80% of the total shampoo market, The penetration level is rapidly increasing due to decline in excise duty, which was 120% in 1993 to 30% currently. Hindustan Unilever Ltd led hair care sales in 2010, with a 19% value share, followed by Dabur India Ltd India, Marico Ltd and Procter & Gamble Home Products Ltd India. These four companies accounted for almost 49% of value, by virtue of their strong brands in shampoos and conditioners. Consumer goods giant Hindustan Unilever today said it is looking at cornering over 13% of the shampoo market next fiscal with its leading hair care brand Dove in the next fiscal. â€Å"We have already launched these products globally. Today we have launched it in this market. With this we expect to gain 13-15% market share in FY13,† HUL General Manager, Hair Care Business, Piyush Jain, told PTI here. He further said, â€Å"the company entered the hair care segment in 2007 and since then we have achieved a market share of 10%. † The shampoo market is estimated to be around Rs 3,500 crore. To achieve the target, the company today launched its Dove nourishing oil care range of products — oil care shampoo, daily treatment conditioner, oil care weekly vita-oils repair mask and oil care vita-oil serum — in the premium category which contains a blend of vita oils ncluding coconut, almond and sunflower oils. Dove, which initially started as soap brand, has diversified into the hair care and antiperspirant segments recently. we have achieved a market share of 10 percent. † The shampoo market is estimated to be around Rs 3,500 crore. (IBN Live oct 2011) But if HUL, the leader in shampoos with a market share of around 44% through its Sunsilk, Clinic Plus, Clinic All Clear and Dove brands, was to respond to P&G’s move with share of 24%. apr2011

Food Motif in Bartleby the Scrivener

Food Motif in Bartleby the Scrivener Herman Melville contributed to several works of literature over the course of his career. One of these is â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener†. A Wall Street lawyer who hires a man named Bartleby to work for him as a scrivener narrates this story. The narrator’s office has three other employees.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Food Motif in Bartleby the Scrivener specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This short story is often considered as one of the more complicated works by the author. Although the story’s plot seems simple, it is difficult to interpret the themes and motifs in this story. This fact makes this story an interesting work of literature. One of the most prominent motifs in this story is food. The author makes several food references throughout the story. This makes food one of the more obvious motifs in this story. This paper will explore the use and significance of this motif. In additio n, the paper will explain how this motif contributes towards the development of the story’s plot and themes. The first statement the narrator utters when he discovers Bartleby is dead is that no one can live without dining. This assertion highlights the narrator’s concern over Bartleby’s refusal to consume food. Several of Bartleby’s behaviours perplex the narrator but his refusal to eat disturbs him the most. The author uses this motif to portray that cannibalism is essential for survival of human beings. â€Å"Cannibals† dominated the Wall Street of the time. Bartleby seems to be protesting this trend but the results are tragic. There are two aspects of cannibalism, the diner, and the meal. Bartleby refused to be either of the two. The food motif is also manifested in the naming of other characters in the story. Turkey and Ginger Nut are nicknames given to two of the employees in the narrator’s office. The narrator says that Turkey’ s clothes smelt of eating-houses.Advertising Looking for term paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Ginger Nut is named after the most common snack in the lawyer’s office. The fact that an employee is named after a food item shows the significance food has in this office. The use of food nicknames implies that the employees are just fodder for this business. The narrator’s business feeds on them for it to survive. Therefore, even though the employees are under the impression that they are consuming from the business, they are indeed being consumed. The narrator vividly describes the appetite levels of his employees. Turkey and Nippers have a voracious longing for cakes and apples. To satisfy this need, the two are constantly sending Ginger Nut to fetch these items. This is why it is possible for the lawyer to assign these workers food related nicknames. However , when Bartleby joins the team, the lawyer finds it difficult to compare him to his appetite because he does not seem to have any. He wonders how Bartleby survives because he does not even go to the diner. Bartleby’s lack of a prominent appetite makes it difficult for the narrator to understand him. Consequently, this highlights the narrator’s appetite for understanding people according to their likings for certain foods. For instance, he argues that Bartley never went out to eat or drank beer like Turkey. The food motif is very prominent in this story. The author seems to imply that people can be understood through their food consumption habits. The motif is also used to explain the cannibalistic nature of human beings. The effectiveness of this motif is unmistakable throughout the story.

history of illustration essays

history of illustration essays Throughout time, illustration has been a source of visualizing thoughts and ideas, and has also been a way to sway the public in terms of beliefs and trends. These trends, created within the many genres in illustration, have taken on quite an important position in the art world in the 20th century. It was in this time that illustration reached fruition, and many of the illustrators received the notoriety which had been lacking until this time period. In illustration, there are many groups, or genres, with many different styles and trends which are used to convey the thoughts of the artist. These genres include humor, the conceptual, illustration for children's books, imaginative, realistic, technical and surreal. In 1901, the Society of Illustrators was established to help gain respect for the artists who practiced this craft. A group of nine artists and one advising businessman founded the Society. The society found intself involved in a lot of the political movements throughout the 20th century history of America and actually created the famous "I Want You" illustration where Uncle Sam was used an an icon to promote recruitment for the wars. During the years surrounding WWI, Society members worked through the Division of Pictorial Publicity creating many original poster designs. Eight members, commissioned Captains in the Engineers, were sent to France to sketch the war. After the war, the Society operated the School for Disabled Soldiers. Member shows continued at prominent galleries. In the 20's and 30's was when the Illustrators gained their highest level of fame. It was in this period that many exhibitions were held to display the artwork of the illustrators. Through member Watson Barrett, the Illustrators' Show of 1925 was held at the Shubert Theatre. 1981 saw the establishment of the Museum of American Illustration. Today the Museum possesses 1,500 works of art by such legen ...

An Introduction to Black Holes

An Introduction to Black Holes Black holes are objects in the universe with so much mass trapped inside their boundaries that they have incredibly strong gravitational fields. In fact, the gravitational force of a black hole is so strong that nothing can escape once it has gone inside. Not even light can escape a black hole, it is trapped inside along with stars, gas, and dust. Most black holes contain many times the mass of our Sun and the heaviest ones can have millions of solar masses. This computer-simulated image shows a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy. The black region in the center represents the black holes event horizon, where no light can escape the massive objects gravitational grip. The black holes powerful gravity distorts space around it like a funhouse mirror. Light from background stars is stretched and smeared as the stars skim by the black hole. NASA, ESA, and D. Coe, J. Anderson, and R. van der Marel (Space Telescope Science Institute), Science Credit: NASA, ESA, C.-P. Ma (University of California, Berkeley), and J. Thomas (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany). Despite all that mass, the actual singularity that forms the core of the black hole has never been seen or imaged. It is, as the word suggests, a tiny point in space, but it has a LOT of mass. Astronomers are only able to study these objects through their effect on the material that surrounds them.  The material around the black hole forms a rotating disk that lies just beyond a region called the event horizon, which is the gravitational point of no return. The Structure of a Black Hole The basic building block of the black hole is the singularity: a pinpoint region of space that contains all the mass of the black hole. Around it is a region of space from which light cannot escape, giving the black hole its name. The outer edge of this region is what forms the event horizon. Its the invisible boundary where the pull of the gravitational field is equal to the speed of light. Its also where gravity and light speed are balanced. The event horizons position depends on the gravitational pull of the black hole. Astronomers calculate the location of an event horizon around a black hole using the equation  Rs 2GM/c2.  R is the radius of the singularity,  G is the force of gravity, M is the mass, c is the speed of light.   Black Hole Types and How They Form There are different types of black holes, and they come about in different ways. The most common type is known as a stellar-mass black hole.  These contain roughly up to a few times the mass of our Sun, and form when large main sequence stars (10 - 15 times the mass of our Sun) run out of nuclear fuel in their cores. The result is a massive supernova explosion that blasts the stars outer layers to space. Whats left behind collapses to create a black hole. An artists conception of a stellar-mass black hole (in blue) hat likely formed when a supermassive star collapsed, feeding from material ejected by a nearby star. ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel) The two other types of black holes are supermassive black holes (SMBH) and micro black holes. A single SMBH can contain the mass of millions or billions of suns. Micro black holes are, as their name implies, very tiny. They might have perhaps only 20 micrograms of mass. In both cases, the mechanisms for their creation are not entirely clear. Micro black holes exist in theory but have not been directly detected. Supermassive black holes are found to exist in the cores of most galaxies  and their origins are still hotly debated. Its  possible that supermassive black holes  are the result of a merger between smaller, stellar-mass black holes and other matter. Some astronomers suggest that they might be created when a single highly massive (hundreds of times the mass of the Sun) star collapses.  Either way, they are massive enough to affect the galaxy in many ways, ranging from effects on starbirth rates to the orbits of stars and material in their near vicinity. Many galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores. If they are actively eating, then they give off huge jets and are known as active galactic nuclei. NASA/JPL-Caltech Micro black holes, on the other hand, could be created during the collision of two very high-energy particles. Scientists suggest this happens continuously in the upper atmosphere of Earth and is likely to happen during particle physics experiments at such places as CERN.   How Scientists Measure Black Holes Since light can not escape from the region around a black hole affected  by the event horizon, nobody can really see a black hole. However, astronomers can measure and characterize them by the effects they have on their surroundings. Black holes that are near other objects exert a gravitational effect on them. For one thing, mass can also be determined by the orbit of material around the black hole. A model of a black hole surrounded by heated ionized) material. This may be what the black hole in the Milky Way looks like. Brandon DeFrise Carter, CC0, Wikimedia.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In practice, astronomers deduce the presence of the black hole by studying how light behaves around it. Black holes, like all massive objects, have enough gravitational pull to bend lights path as it passes by. As stars behind the black hole move relative to it, the light emitted by them will appear distorted, or the stars will appear to move in an unusual way. From this information, the position and mass of the black hole can be determined. This is especially apparent in galaxy clusters where the combined mass of the clusters, their dark matter,  and their black holes create oddly-shaped arcs and rings by bending the light of more distant objects as it passes by.   Astronomers can also see black holes by the radiation the heated material around them gives off, such as radio or x rays.  The speed of that material also gives important clues to the characteristics of the black hole its trying to escape. Hawking Radiation The final way that astronomers could possibly detect a black hole is through a mechanism known as Hawking radiation. Named for the famed theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking, Hawking radiation is a consequence of thermodynamics that requires that energy escape from a black hole. The basic idea is that, due to natural interactions and fluctuations in the vacuum, the matter will be created in the form of an electron and anti-electron (called a positron). When this occurs near the event horizon, one particle will be ejected away from the black hole, while the other will fall into the gravitational well. To an observer, all that is seen is a particle being emitted from the black hole. The particle would be seen as having positive energy. This means, by symmetry, that the particle that fell into the black hole would have negative energy. The result is that as a black hole ages, it loses energy, and therefore loses mass (by Einsteins famous equation, EMC2,  where Eenergy, Mmass, and C is the speed of light). Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.